Computer part 1

 Computer Part 1

CPU - Central processing unit / Brain of the computer 

It contain - *ALU (Arithmetic logic unit )

                  * ALU and Control unit both 

                  * Control unit 

But not having /including - Output unit 

Part of CPU are -

ALU, Control unit, Register memory

Register memory - Smallest and fastest memory in computer 

Data - All the materials available to processed

Information - Processed Data 

Instruction to computer given through input device 

CPU /Mother board - it is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in computer 

PARAM supercomputer belongs to which generation? 

Ans - Fifth generation 

PARAM supercomputer - It is a series of supercomputer 

And it is developed by -C DAC company 

1965 to 1975 was an era of Third generation 

Third generation - Use IC (integrated circuit) and vaccum 

Developed by - Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby in 1958

Input device -Scanner, touch screen, Light pen, Track ball 

Output device -Speaker 

Father of supercomputing -Saymour Cray 

World's 1st super computer - Cray - K- LS

In 1979

First generation computer(1940 - 1956) - Vaccum Tube 

The first generation of computer systems used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for main memory, and they were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.

used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit)used vacuum tubes as their main electronic component for circuitry and memory.

Famous vacuum tube computers included ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), and the Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC)

Invented by Sir John Ambrose Fleming in 1904 converted alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) and wireless communication radio signal 

 Later In 1906 Lee De Forest developed the "Audion" (triode), which acted as an amplifier and was widely used in early computer

Second generation computer (1956–1963) - Transistor 

Invented by 

replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, which were invented in 1947 at Bell Labs by physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley. These three scientists shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for this invention, which made computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. 

  Ex -IBM  7094, IBM 1620, CDC 1604, CDC 3600. Transistors (invented at Bell Labs).

Shift from machine language to assembly and early high-level languages (FORTRAN, ALGOL, COBOL).Significantly smaller, faster, and more energy-efficient than 1st generation, but still required air conditioning.

Third generation computer (1964–1971)

developed in 1958 by Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby

replaced individual transistors with Integrated Circuits (ICs) ex -

Fourth generation computer -

Fifty generation computer -

First computer mouse invented by - Douglas Engelbart (In 1964)

Micro computer - include - Desktop computer, Laptop computer, Tablets and smartphones

Hybrid computer - use to measure heartbeat of patients 

World's first microprocessor - Microprocessor 4004

Microprocessor 4004 developed by (Intel corporation) 

In Windows 10(Fn+F8 key press =Volume up) 

In Windows 10(Fn+F7 key press=Volume down) 

Modifier Key - Shift key, Alt key, Ctrl key 

(MICR) Magnetic ink character recognition - Is an Input device used to (verify the legitimacy or originality of paper documents , especially cheques 

Function key on standard PC F1 ---F12

So, 12 function key (ans) 

Cache memory works on the principle of - Locality of reference 

1 Petabyte (PB) = 1024 Terabytes (GB) 

1 bit = 0,1

1nibble = 4bits

1byte = 8 bits / 2 nibbles

1 kilobyte = 1024 bytes

1 Megabyte = 1024 kilobytes

1 gigabyte = 1024 Megabytes 

1 terabyte = 1024 Gigabytes 

1petabyte = 1024 Terabytes 

1 exabyte = 1024 Petabytes 

Python - Is an interpreted ,high level and generalpurpose programming language 

Modeling language - It is a formal language used to express information or knowledge ,often for use in the design of computer system 

An Algorithms is a finite set of instructions which, when followed, accomplish a particular task 

Brendan Eich invented -Java Script programming language 

The first programming language was - FORTRAN 

Convert decimal number 106 to binary 

First divide 106/2 and then calculate 

Ans -  1101010

* Binary number - (0,1)

Computer Virus - Creeper

•System Software - Manages computer hardware and provides a platform for applications.

Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux (Operating Systems), device drivers, firmware, and utility programs (antivirus, disk cleane

•Application Software -Enables users to perform specific tasks, from browsing the web to creating documents.

Examples: Microsoft Word, Google Chrome, Adobe Photoshop, games, and mobile apps. 

•Programming Software -  Tools for developers to write, debug, and maintain software. 

Examples: Integrated Development Environments (IDEs), compilers, interpreters, and debuggers. 

•Computer hardware refers to -  the physical, tangible components of a computer system, including internal parts like the CPU, motherboard, RAM, and storage drives, as well as external peripherals like monitors, keyboards, and mice

•Software is a collection of instructions, data, or programs used to operate computers and execute specific tasks. Ex - System Software , Application software, Programming Software 

•Input device -allow users to feed data and commands into a computer for processing.

Ex - keyboard, mouse/Trackpad,Scanner,Microphone,Webcam,

Joystick/Gamepad

• Output device -receive processed data from the computer and convert it into understandable, user-facing results

Ex - Monitor /Display ,Printer, Speakers/Headphones,Projector

• Input-Output (Both) 

Touchscreen, USB Flash Drives /CD-RW ,Modems /Network Cards 

Operating system is not application software 

Open source operating system -

An open-source operating system (OS) is software with publicly accessible source code that anyone can inspect, modify, and redistribute.

Linux Distributions - Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, and Linux mint 

BSD family - Free BSD, Open BSD 

Android - mobile 

ReactOS , Haiku, Solaris / illumos

A user interface is the part of ----that allow the user to enter and receive information 

Ans- A user interface is the part of Operating System that allow the user to enter and receive information

BIOS - Basis Input Output system 

* Non - Volatile firmware

* Software Stored on a small memory chip on motherboard 

Operating system - Linux, Windows 98,Windows 7

Computer Language/Programming Language  C++

System running more than one process concurrently are called ---?

Ans - Multiprocessing

Full form of ASCII, in English? 

American standard code for information interchange 

In 2022 (5G telecommunications technology launched in India) 

In star network how many lines are required for connecting N nodes to the host node ? 

Ans  (N -1)

Slowest type of internet connection - Dial -up

Bookmark is a way to quickly access a favourite website by saving it in your browser 

World wide web invented by? 

Ans - Tim Berners- Lee in 1989

Two versions of the internet protocol (IP) are

IP version 4 and IP version 6

IP version 4 is  (32 bits)

IP version 6 is (128 bits) 

Key to open a new tab on a browser - Ctrl + T

Microsoft word word 1.0 launched in 1983

in 1985 microsoft's windows operating system first introduced 

In Microsoft Excel 2026 (Shift + F11) use to insert new worksheet for windows 10 operating system 

Ctrl + 4 used to make the contents of cell in MS-Excel-365

LIDAR stand for - Light Detection and Ranging 

ATM - Automated Teller Machine 

PDF - Portable Document Format 

MPEG-4 file format used in motion pictures

MPEG- Movie Picture Expert Group 

India's first post office ATM open in - Chennai (25 January 2014)

​MMU - Memory Management Unit 

•Input device - Keyboards, Mouse, Light Pen, Scanner, OCR (Optical Character  Recognition), BCR( Bar Code Reader) 

OMR (Optical Mark Reader) ,Digital Camera, Joy Stick 

•Output Device-Monitor,Printer,Projector,

Speaker ,

(Input - Output both) - Floppy Disk , Hard Disk 

Number of Pixel per inch (Printed on page) - Resolution 

Mechanical language for programming used in - First Generation of computer 

1st generation - Vacuum Tube 

2nd generation - Transistor 

3rd generation - (IC) Integrated circuit 

4th generation - LSI (Large scale integrated circuit micro processor) 

5th generation - SLSI (Super large scale integrated Chip 

PDA -Personal Digital Assistant 

Mouse of computer invented by - Douglas Engelbart

Father of Computer - Charles Babbage

High speed memory of computer - Cache

RAM -Random Access memory - Volatile memory 

ROM -Read Only Memory - non-volatile memory 

BIOS -Basic Input/Output System (located in motherboard and is non volatile memory chip 

Verification of log in name and password is - Authenticating the user 

A compiler is a - Software 

Speed of modern day printers are measured in - (PPM)  Page per minute 

Webpage are written using - HTML (Hyper Text Markup language 

HTTP - Hyper text transfer protocol 

URL - Uniform Resources Location 

FTP - File transfer Protocol 

F1 - Help , F2 - Renaming a file , F3 - Search file, F5 - Refresh ,F7 - Spelling and grammar, F12 - Save as 

The process of checking errors in a software programme is (Debugging)

Application software - MS office 

Google Chrome is( Web browser not a search engine )

Search engine include - Yahoo, Bing, gigablast,google,Hot Bot 

Web browser /not a search engine - Google Chrome, Mozila Firefox ,Safari, Opera Mini, UC Browser ,Internet explorer 

Cloud Computing is - Service 

CAPTCHA is a computer program used to - distinguish human input from machine input 

(Vishing ) is the phishing process is done through the medium of telephone 

Not a operating system - Oracle 

SEO - Search engine optimization

Amazon/Flipcard is an E- Commerce website 

(•gov) stand for government 

Email not send saved in - Draft 

OLE - Object linking and Embedding 

(•in)  stand for India 

Operating system -( MS -DOS ),Windows XP, Unix 

Worms can travel over network without human intervention

The process of arrange data or record in a sequence is - (Sorting) 

Google Analytics - offers an easy and free way to track and analyze visitors to your website 

A collection of related web pages known as website 

(Full duplex)  permits transmission simultaneously in both directions 

Simplex - Unidirection (ex - keyboard, scanner, monitor 

Half Duplex -Communication in both side but not at same time  

Ex - walki - Talkie 

Full duplex - communication from both side 

Ex - Mobile /Telephone 

GUI - Graphical User Interface 

Learning Curve - is a (happy graph) 

Modem function - modulation and demodulation function 

MS office - Application software 

Cold Booting (Hard Boot): Turning on a computer that is completely powered off.

Warm Booting (Soft Boot): Restarting a computer that is already on (e.g., via Ctrl+Alt+Delete) without interrupting power. 

The process of transfer file from website to local computer is (Downloading) 

In MS Excel the function are nested using -

parentheses ()

(•net)  means - network 

What is the shortcut key to move to the next cell in a row - Tab 

PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect 

Reverts back to last change - Ctrl + Z

Redo - Ctrl + Y

To see the Google's cached version of a site you to prefix the URL with the keyword is - Cache 

At the bottom of all word document - Footer 

At the top of all word document - Header

Dropcap - Larger capital letter in the beginning 

10 line in front of Dropcap 

Minimum 1line in front of Dropcap 

By default 3line in front of Dropcap 

The business communication and collaboration platform developed by Microsoft is (Microsoft Team) 

The symbol that represents an operation in a flowchart is --rectangle 

                         (  Flowchart )

Oval shape - to start and end flowchart 

Arrow - relationship between Representative Shape 

Parallelogram - Input - Output 

Rectangle -Process /Operation 

Diamond - Decision making 

Circle - Connector 

In Windows operating system the default folder available to keep personal files /folder is - My documents

IPV4 - 32 bit and IPV6 - 128 bit 

IPV - Internet Protocol Version 

IPV6 is (96 bit )more than IPV4

Protocol helps to send email is - SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol) 

FTP - File transfer protocol 

HTTP - Hyper text transfer protocol 

ICMP - Internet control message protocol 

LAN can be used as * peer to peer 

                                    * Client and Server 

Of Architecture 

LAN - Local Area Network 

DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 

Firewall used to protect from - Unauthorized attack 

Secure communication over internet - TCP/IP 

Transmission control protocol /Internet Protocol 

RAM - allow the simultaneous (read and write operation) 

RAM -Random Access memory (volatile (both read and write) 

ROM - Read only memory (non volatile (perform only read) 

Memory - *primary memory - (RAM, ROM) 

* secondary memory - Magnetic memory, Optical memory, Electric memory 

RAM - *SRAM (static RAM )

* DRAM (Dynamic RAM) 

ROM - * PROM (Programmable read only memory) 

* EPROM (Erasable Programmable read only memory) 

* EEPROM (Electrical Erasable programmable read only memory) 

*Magnetic memory - Magnetic Disk, Floppy Disk, Hard Disk 

*Optical memory -CD, DVD, Blue Ray Disc 

*Electric memory - Flash memory, Pen drive, Memory card 

Permanent memory in computer - ROM (Read only memory - non -volatile) 

Solid storage device - * It has no moving part,  *No reels, * No spinning part 

Ex - Flash memory, Memory Card,Smart Card

DVD ROM is not a solid storage device 

Ctrl + P = Print 

F11 in MS Excel - Creates Chart

Ctrl + U = Underline 

Increase font size in PowerPoint - Ctrl + Shift + > 

Primary memory located on - Motherboard / Planar / Mainboard /Baseboard 

Binary number - Combination of 0,1

Background image /text in a document is known as - Watermark 

PNG - Portable Network Graphics 

JPEG - Joint photographic expert group 

GIF -Graphics interchange format 

PII (Personal Indentifiable Information) - Credit Card number 

In Microsoft Excel display the formula enter on each cell instead of cell value is - 

Show Formulas

Trojan horse create backdoor in host computer 

(• Org ) means organisation 

Ctrl + K used to open hyperlink in 

MS word 

http://www.ourcountry.in/home.aboutus.html

Here,http - Protocol 

www- Sub domain 

Ourcountry.in - Domain name 

home.aboutus.html - extension path /Pages 

Interface between motherboard and an external device is called - Port 

Press Backspace key to delete one character to the left 

Press Delete key to delete one character to the right 

Zombie in computer - (Robot Network (bot -net) 

Cortana is a virtual assistant that is (part of Microsoft Windows operating system) 

C is a procedural programming language 

CONCATENATE - the excel formula to join two or more text into one single string 

Thunderbird is the in built email software in Ubuntu .

Smartart helps in Microsoft word to add process diagram, Hierarchy diagrams, and other complex graphic 

SQL - Structured Query Language 

MS word text right align by Ctrl + R

In Microsoft word page number options available in (insert )

Main memory is a volatile storage device that loss content when power off 

Volatile - RAM Random Access Memory 

*Static RAM (SRAM) - multiple transistor + no capacitor 

*DRAM (dynamic RAM)  - 1capacitor + 1 transistor 

Static RAM is more expensive than Dynamic RAM 

Dynamic RAM slower than static RAM 

Pivot Table of Microsoft Excel used for (grouping,filtering,and summarizing )

Encryption is the processed on Presentation layer of the OSI model 

Data integrity - Reliability and accuracy of data 

3 color dots make up one color pixel on a screen 

TRUNC the excel function used to remove decimal or fractional part of the number 

In India 1st super computer developed in pune and name of computer is -Param 

Mind of computer /brain of computer - CPU (central processing unit) 

CPU =  ALU + CU 

Arithmetic logical unit and Control unit 

Control unit 

A small city with limited geographical area generally uses -- CAN (Campus Area Network/Corporate area network ) for computer networking 

Examples of Word processor - IBM Lotus Symphony , Microsoft word, Google Docs

Microsoft Excel is( Spreadsheet Package )

Light Pen is an input device 

Father of Internet - Vint Cerf 

Father of Computer - Charles Babbage 

(Mail) Discover - Raymond Tomlison

(WWW world wide web discover) -Tim Berners Lee 

wwww - World wide web wrom 

(Java) discover - James Gosling 

ICT - Information and Communication Technology 

Webpage doesn't exist error - HTTP Error 404

Bad Request error -HTTP Error 400

Unauthorized error - HTTP Error 401

Forbidden error - HTTP Error 403

Internal Server Error - HTTP Error 500

CAD - Computer Aided Design 

CAM - Computer Aided Manufacture 

CADD- Computer Aided Design in Drafting

White Hat Hackers - Authorized Hackers / Ethical hackers 

Grey Hat Hackers - Just for fun hackers 

Black Hat Hackers - Criminal 

Bluea Hat Hackers -external security professional invited by an organisation to find vulnerabilities in a system before its public launch. 

Green Hat Hackers - Training hackers 

Red Hat Hackers - Govt Hired Hackers 

Ctrl +B - text bold 

Ctrl + K - hyperlink 

Ctrl + I - Italic 

Ctrl + L - Left allige

Working in Microsoft word- Press F7 key - will give( Spelling and Grammar )

Select - Ctrl +A

OSI - Open System Interconnection 

OSI - 7 layers

1st layer - Physical Layer 

2nd layer - Data link layer 

3rd layer - Network Layer 

4th layer - Transport Layer / Heart of OSI model 

5th layer - Session Layer 

6th layer - Presentation Layer 

7th layer - Application Layer 

WAN - Wide Area Network 

MAN - Metro politian Area Network 

PAN - Personal Area Network 

SAN -Storage Area Network 

VPN - Virtual Private Network 

Malware stand for - Malicious Software

Malware consist of (Virus, Trojan Horse, Worms, Rotkit, Spywar, Adware )

Virus - Vital Information Resources Under Siege 

Laser Printers and Inkjet Printers are( Non Impact Printers )

Printers are divided into 2 types * Impact Printers and Non - Impact Printers 

Impact Printers are -

Dot matrix printer, Dassy Wheel Printer, Line Printer, Drum Printer, 

Non - Impact Printers are -

Laser Printers, Inkjet Printers, Thermal Printers, Electro- Magnetic Printers, Electro -Static Printers 

COUNT  function in MS Excel tells how many numeric entries are there (only numeric)